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# Data Generators

**Contents**<br>
[Combining `GENERATE` and `SECTION`.](#combining-generate-and-section)<br>
[Provided generators](#provided-generators)<br>
[Generator interface](#generator-interface)<br>
[Other usage examples](#other-usage-examples)<br>

> Introduced in Catch2 2.6.0.

Data generators (also known as _data driven/parametrized test cases_)
let you reuse the same set of assertions across different input values.
In Catch2, this means that they respect the ordering and nesting
of the `TEST_CASE` and `SECTION` macros, and their nested sections
are run once per each value in a generator.

This is best explained with an example:
```cpp
TEST_CASE("Generators") {
    auto i = GENERATE(1, 3, 5);
    REQUIRE(is_odd(i));
}
```

The "Generators" `TEST_CASE` will be entered 3 times, and the value of
`i` will be 1, 3, and 5 in turn. `GENERATE`s can also be used multiple
times at the same scope, in which case the result will be a cartesian
product of all elements in the generators. This means that in the snippet
below, the test case will be run 6 (2\*3) times. The `GENERATE` macro
is defined in the `catch_generators.hpp` header, so compiling
the code examples below also requires
`#include <catch2/generators/catch_generators.hpp>`.

```cpp
TEST_CASE("Generators") {
    auto i = GENERATE(1, 2);
    auto j = GENERATE(3, 4, 5);
}
```

There are 2 parts to generators in Catch2, the `GENERATE` macro together
with the already provided generators, and the `IGenerator<T>` interface
that allows users to implement their own generators.


## Combining `GENERATE` and `SECTION`.

`GENERATE` can be seen as an implicit `SECTION`, that goes from the place
`GENERATE` is used, to the end of the scope. This can be used for various
effects. The simplest usage is shown below, where the `SECTION` "one"
runs 4 (2\*2) times, and `SECTION` "two" is run 6 times (2\*3).

```cpp
TEST_CASE("Generators") {
    auto i = GENERATE(1, 2);
    SECTION("one") {
        auto j = GENERATE(-3, -2);
        REQUIRE(j < i);
    }
    SECTION("two") {
        auto k = GENERATE(4, 5, 6);
        REQUIRE(i != k);
    }
}
```

The specific order of the `SECTION`s will be "one", "one", "two", "two",
"two", "one"...


The fact that `GENERATE` introduces a virtual `SECTION` can also be used
to make a generator replay only some `SECTION`s, without having to
explicitly add a `SECTION`. As an example, the code below reports 3
assertions, because the "first" section is run once, but the "second"
section is run twice.

```cpp
TEST_CASE("GENERATE between SECTIONs") {
    SECTION("first") { REQUIRE(true); }
    auto _ = GENERATE(1, 2);
    SECTION("second") { REQUIRE(true); }
}
```

This can lead to surprisingly complex test flows. As an example, the test
below will report 14 assertions:

```cpp
TEST_CASE("Complex mix of sections and generates") {
    auto i = GENERATE(1, 2);
    SECTION("A") {
        SUCCEED("A");
    }
    auto j = GENERATE(3, 4);
    SECTION("B") {
        SUCCEED("B");
    }
    auto k = GENERATE(5, 6);
    SUCCEED();
}
```

> The ability to place `GENERATE` between two `SECTION`s was [introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1938) in Catch2 2.13.0.

## Provided generators

Catch2's provided generator functionality consists of three parts,

* `GENERATE` macro,  that serves to integrate generator expression with
a test case,
* 2 fundamental generators
  * `SingleValueGenerator<T>` -- contains only single element
  * `FixedValuesGenerator<T>` -- contains multiple elements
* 6 generic generators that modify other generators (defined in `catch2/generators/catch_generators_adapters.hpp`)
  * `FilterGenerator<T, Predicate>` -- filters out elements from a generator
  for which the predicate returns "false"
  * `TakeGenerator<T>` -- takes first `n` elements from a generator
  * `RepeatGenerator<T>` -- repeats output from a generator `n` times
  * `MapGenerator<T, U, Func>` -- returns the result of applying `Func`
  on elements from a different generator
  * `ChunkGenerator<T>` -- returns chunks (inside `std::vector`) of n elements from a generator
  * `ConcatGenerator<T>` -- returns elements from multiple generators as if they were one
* 2 random generators (defined in `catch2/generators/catch_generators_random.hpp`)
  * `RandomIntegerGenerator<Integral>` -- generates random Integrals from range
  * `RandomFloatGenerator<Float>` -- generates random Floats from range
* 2 range generators (defined in `catch2/generators/catch_generators_range.hpp`)
  * `RangeGenerator<T>(first, last)` -- generates all values inside a `[first, last)` arithmetic range
  * `IteratorGenerator<T>` -- copies and returns values from an iterator range

> `ChunkGenerator<T>`, `RandomIntegerGenerator<Integral>`, `RandomFloatGenerator<Float>` and `RangeGenerator<T>` were introduced in Catch2 2.7.0.

> `IteratorGenerator<T>` was introduced in Catch2 2.10.0.

> `ConcatGenerator<T>` was introduced in Catch2 3.13.0

The generators also have associated helper functions that infer their
type, making their usage much nicer. These are

* `value(T&&)` for `SingleValueGenerator<T>`
* `values(std::initializer_list<T>)` for `FixedValuesGenerator<T>`
* `table<Ts...>(std::initializer_list<std::tuple<Ts...>>)` for `FixedValuesGenerator<std::tuple<Ts...>>`
* `filter(predicate, GeneratorWrapper<T>&&)` for `FilterGenerator<T, Predicate>`
* `take(count, GeneratorWrapper<T>&&)` for `TakeGenerator<T>`
* `repeat(repeats, GeneratorWrapper<T>&&)` for `RepeatGenerator<T>`
* `map(func, GeneratorWrapper<T>&&)` for `MapGenerator<T, U, Func>` (map `U` to `T`, deduced from `Func`)
* `map<T>(func, GeneratorWrapper<U>&&)` for `MapGenerator<T, U, Func>` (map `U` to `T`)
* `chunk(chunk-size, GeneratorWrapper<T>&&)` for `ChunkGenerator<T>`
* `random(IntegerOrFloat a, IntegerOrFloat b)` for `RandomIntegerGenerator` or `RandomFloatGenerator`
* `range(Arithmetic start, Arithmetic end)` for `RangeGenerator<Arithmetic>` with a step size of `1`
* `range(Arithmetic start, Arithmetic end, Arithmetic step)` for `RangeGenerator<Arithmetic>` with a custom step size
* `from_range(InputIterator from, InputIterator to)` for `IteratorGenerator<T>`
* `from_range(Container const&)` for `IteratorGenerator<T>`
* `cat(GeneratorWrapper<T>&&...)` for `ConcatGenerator<T>`

> `chunk()`, `random()` and both `range()` functions were introduced in Catch2 2.7.0.

> `from_range` has been introduced in Catch2 2.10.0

> `range()` for floating point numbers has been introduced in Catch2 2.11.0

> `cat` has been introduced in Catch2 3.13.0

And can be used as shown in the example below to create a generator
that returns 100 odd random number:

```cpp
TEST_CASE("Generating random ints", "[example][generator]") {
    SECTION("Deducing functions") {
        auto i = GENERATE(take(100, filter([](int i) { return i % 2 == 1; }, random(-100, 100))));
        REQUIRE(i > -100);
        REQUIRE(i < 100);
        REQUIRE(i % 2 == 1);
    }
}
```


Apart from registering generators with Catch2, the `GENERATE` macro has
one more purpose, and that is to provide simple way of generating trivial
generators, as seen in the first example on this page, where we used it
as `auto i = GENERATE(1, 2, 3);`. This usage converted each of the three
literals into a single `SingleValueGenerator<int>` and then placed them all in
a special generator that concatenates other generators. It can also be
used with other generators as arguments, such as `auto i = GENERATE(0, 2,
take(100, random(300, 3000)));`. This is useful e.g. if you know that
specific inputs are problematic and want to test them separately/first.

**For safety reasons, you cannot use variables inside the `GENERATE` macro.
This is done because the generator expression _will_ outlive the outside
scope and thus capturing references is dangerous. If you need to use
variables inside the generator expression, make sure you thought through
the lifetime implications and use `GENERATE_COPY` or `GENERATE_REF`.**

> `GENERATE_COPY` and `GENERATE_REF` were introduced in Catch2 2.7.1.

You can also override the inferred type by using `as<type>` as the first
argument to the macro. This can be useful when dealing with string literals,
if you want them to come out as `std::string`:

```cpp
TEST_CASE("type conversion", "[generators]") {
    auto str = GENERATE(as<std::string>{}, "a", "bb", "ccc");
    REQUIRE(str.size() > 0);
}
```


### Random number generators: details

> This section applies from Catch2 3.5.0. Before that, random generators
> were a thin wrapper around distributions from `<random>`.

All of the `random(a, b)` generators in Catch2 currently generate uniformly
distributed number in closed interval \[a; b\]. This  is different from
`std::uniform_real_distribution`, which should return numbers in interval
\[a; b) (but due to rounding can end up returning b anyway), but the
difference is intentional, so that `random(a, a)` makes sense. If there is
enough interest from users, we can provide API to pick any of CC, CO, OC,
or OO ranges.

Unlike `std::uniform_int_distribution`, Catch2's generators also support
various single-byte integral types, such as `char` or `bool`.


#### Reproducibility

Given the same seed, the output from the integral generators is fully
reproducible across different platforms.

For floating point generators, the situation is much more complex.
Generally Catch2 only promises reproducibility (or even just correctness!)
on platforms that obey the IEEE-754 standard. Furthermore, reproducibility
only applies between binaries that perform floating point math in the
same way, e.g. if you compile a binary targeting the x87 FPU and another
one targeting SSE2 for floating point math, their results will vary.
Similarly, binaries compiled with compiler flags that relax the IEEE-754
adherence, e.g. `-ffast-math`, might provide different results than those
compiled for strict IEEE-754 adherence.

Finally, we provide zero guarantees on the reproducibility of generating
`long double`s, as the internals of `long double` varies across different
platforms.



## Generator interface

You can also implement your own generators, by deriving from the
`IGenerator<T>` interface:

```cpp
template<typename T>
struct IGenerator : GeneratorUntypedBase {
    // via GeneratorUntypedBase:
    // Attempts to move the generator to the next element.
    // Returns true if successful (and thus has another element that can be read)
    virtual bool next() = 0;

    // Precondition:
    // The generator is either freshly constructed or the last call to next() returned true
    virtual T const& get() const = 0;

    // Returns user-friendly string showing the current generator element
    // Does not have to be overridden, IGenerator provides default implementation
    virtual std::string stringifyImpl() const;

    /**
     * Customization point for `skipToNthElement`
     *
     * Does not have to be overridden, there is a default implementation.
     * Can be overridden for better performance.
     *
     * If there are not enough elements, shall throw an error.
     *
     * Going backwards is not supported.
     */
    virtual void skipToNthElementImpl( std::size_t n );

    /**
     * Returns true if calls to `next` will eventually return false
     *
     * Note that for backwards compatibility this is currently defaulted
     * to return `true`, but in the future all generators will have to
     * provide their own implementation.
     */
    virtual bool isFinite() const = 0;
};
```

> `skipToNthElementImpl` was added in Catch2 3.13.0

> `isFinite` was added in Catch2 3.13.0

However, to be able to use your custom generator inside `GENERATE`, it
will need to be wrapped inside a `GeneratorWrapper<T>`.
`GeneratorWrapper<T>` is a value wrapper around a
`Catch::Detail::unique_ptr<IGenerator<T>>`.

For full example of implementing your own generator, look into Catch2's
examples, specifically
[Generators: Create your own generator](../examples/300-Gen-OwnGenerator.cpp).


### Handling empty generators

The generator interface assumes that a generator always has at least one
element. This is not always true, e.g. if the generator depends on an external
datafile, the file might be missing.

There are two ways to handle this, depending on whether you want this
to be an error or not.

 * If empty generator **is** an error, throw an exception in constructor.
 * If empty generator **is not** an error, use the [`SKIP` macro](skipping-passing-failing.md#skipping-test-cases-at-runtime) in constructor.


## Other usage examples

### Adding a reproducer to random tests

If you use generators to generate random inputs for testing, you might
want to combine them with specific inputs, e.g. reproducers for previously
found issues.

Because `GENERATE` accepts multiple values/generators, the basic case is simple:
```cpp
const int input = GENERATE(1, 2, take(10, random(10, 10'000'000)));
```
This will set `input` first to "1", then to "2", and then to 10 random
integers.

But if you process the random inputs further (e.g. via `map`), you can't
rely on `GENERATE`'s support for multiple generators. In that case, you
have to use the `cat` generator combinator.
```cpp
const auto input = GENERATE(
    map( foo,
         cat( value( 4 ), take( 10, random( 10, 10'000'000 ) ) ) ) );
```
This will set `input` first to `foo(4)`, before transforming the 10 random
integers through `foo`.


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